The Baha’is of Iran and Contact with Foreign Nations

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By Mehdi Khalaji

Editor’s Note:  Mehdi Khalaji is a visiting fellow at the Washington Institute and focuses on the role of politics in contemporary Shi’ite clericalism in Iran and Iraq.  From 1986 to 2000 he trained in seminaries of Qom, the traditional center of Iran’s clerical establishment.  He has also served on the editorial boards of two prominent Iranian periodicals, worked for the BBC’s Persian Service, and has worked as a producer for Radio Farda, the Persian-language service of the U.S. government’s Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty.  He has published extensively, including “Apocalyptic Politics: On the Rationality of Iranian Policy”.  The following essay was originally published by BBC Persian Service.  Mr. Khalaji is not affiliated with the Baha’i community.

The Baha’is of Iran and Contact with Foreign Nations

Concurrent with the increase pressure on the Baha’is, once more the Islamic Republic of Iran has declared activities of the followers of the Baha’i Faith illegal.

In his letter to the Minster of Intelligence, Iran’s Attorney General, Qorban-Ali Dorri Najafabadi, has accused the Baha’is of connection with Israel and of gathering of information for the “Zionist regime”.  He has written that the activities of the Baha’is in Iran will endanger national security and the nation’s geopolitical integrity.

Conspiracy and the Baha’i Faith

Since the Baha’i Faith is a global entity and is not bounded by any geographical lines, it has been accused of breaking through “national identity and Iranian religiosity” from its very inception in the middle of the nineteenth century.  Likewise, its birth and diffusion has been ascribed to the efforts and designs of authorities in such governments as Russia, the Ottoman Empire, England and Israel.

In the history book taught to the third graders (under the education program of the Islamic Republic of Iran), there an section under the heading, “Colonialism through Creating Sects”, where it is stated, “The British and Russian governments were deeply frightened by the unity of Muslims in Iran.  For this reason, they endeavored to cause division among the people and to destroy their oneness.  One of the things they did to create this division was to create makeshift religions.  Among these false and manmade religions was Babism and Baha’ism … The claim of Siyyid Muhammad-Ali [sic] the Bab caused a great convulsion and for this reason it is known as the ‘The Babi Sedition’.  He created the Babi sect for this purpose was supported by the Russian and British governments.”

Rivalry of Azalis and Baha’is, the First Promoter of Conspiracy Theories

However, where does this allegation comes from?  The root of the connection between Baha’is and foreign nations is several-fold.

During the initial stage in the history of the Baha’i Faith, its neighboring religious branches, such as the Azalis, first fired this arrow of allegation.  Based on what Mrs. Mangol Bayat has written in her book, “Iran’s First Revolution: Shi’ism and the Constitutional Revolution of 1905-1909”, Azalis were active in the constitutional movement — and from a religious perspective, were rivals of the Baha’is.  They tried to raise questions about the legitimacy and authenticity of the Baha’i Faith by suggesting “connections with foreigners”.

Azalis were the followers of Mirza Yahya Nuri, surnamed Azal, who was a successor of Muhammad-Ali [sic] the Bab.  At first they believed in the necessity of jihad [religious struggle] and armed removal of the Qajar government.

Mirza Husayn-Ali Baha (later Baha’u’llah), was a half-brother of Mirza Yahya Nuri from his father’s side.  After a while, the two brothers clashed over the successorship to their father, which resulted in deep enmity.  [Editor’s correction:  Baha’u’llah had raised Azal since childhood; when He raised the claim to Prophethood, Azal rejected Baha’u’llah’s claim. A division took place at that time and had nothing to do with their father’s successorship or estate.]  The Babis were divided into two branches — Azalis and Baha’is.  The Azali group did not last long and soon disappeared.  However, the Baha’is flourished and presently live in every country of the globe.

On the other hand, based on what Mansour Bonakdarian writes in his book, “Britain and the Iranian Constitutional Revolution of 1906-1911: Foreign Policy, Imperialism and Dissent”, conversion of a number of Jews to the Babi and Baha’i religions, and also adaptation of the Baha’i faith by a number of British citizens, raised suspicions about the connection between Babis and Baha’is with “foreigners”.

Even though the published official documents of the British Foreign Ministry demonstrate that this Ministry did not have a positive view of the Constitutional Revolt [of 1905-11], certain individuals like Edward Brown, the prominent scholar of Iran, became close supporters and allies of the Babi and Baha’i leaders.

It is worth noting that from the inception of Baha’ism, a large number of Shiite clerics and individuals from other religions, such as Zoroastrianism, converted to this religion as well.

Anti-Baha’ism, an Echo of Anti-Israel and Anti-American Sentiments

In 1868, after increasing differences between the two branches of the Babis, and reciprocal killings between the Azalis and the Baha’is, the Ottoman government took Mirza Yahya Nuri and Husayn-Ali Baha, who had been sent to Istanbul from Iran, to court.

The court exiled Mirza Yahya and his family and followers to the island of Cyprus, and Husayn-Ali Baha and his family and supporters to Akka, near Haifa (Palestine).

The Ottoman government was mostly under the influence of rumors spread by the Iranian authorities, who persisted in suggesting that Husayn-Ali Baha and his followers were in contact with Bulgarian revolutionaries and were a threat to Ottoman rule.

Baha’u’llah made Akka and Haifa the headquarters of his religion.  Around the same time, Theodor Herzl in 1890s established the Zionist movement.  The government of Israel came into being in 1948 in a region known as Palestine.  The inauguration of the Zionist movement, formation of the nation of Israel and geographical position of the center of the Baha’i Faith were coincidences that became a new pretext for advancing conspiracy theories about the relationship of Baha’ism with the Jewish government of Israel.

In the context of anti-western proclivities, the closeness of the United States to Israel, and protests of western countries (as well as Russia) against anti-Baha’i repression, made the Baha’is targets of vehement attacks – particularly once clerical rule was established, the Baha’is of Iran were stripped of their citizenship rights.

Secular Intellectualism and Conspiracy Theories

The claim that foreigners had a role in the establishment and spread of the Baha’i Faith is not something created by the Islamic Republic or by current Shiite clerics.

In the early 1940s a book titled “The Political Confessions or Memoirs of Prince Dolgoruki: The Secrets of the Appearance of the Babi and Baha’i Religions in Iran” was published, in which the Baha’i Faith was presented as a creation of the hand of colonial powers, such as Russia.

This book, which is dismissed by many experts, such as Ahmad Kasravi, as a forgery, attempts to sever the line connecting the Babi and the Baha’i Faiths with Shiism and Islam, and presents them as a sudden and foreign phenomenon.

During the reign of Reza Shah Pahlavi, anti-Baha’i activities subsided to some degree.  However, new waves of anti-Baha’i sentiment reemerged once again with the emergence of the monarchy of Muhammad-Reza Shah Pahlavi.

During this period, some Baha’is who had left the fold wrote certain books against the religion, and at some length they once more raised the issue of the connection of Baha’ism with foreign nations.  In this regard, they exerted an influential role in enhancing suspicions against Baha’is.

Among these writings, in the book Tarikh va Naqsh Siyasi Rahbaran Baha’i [History and the Political Role of Baha’i leaders] by Murteza Ahmad A. (penname, Yafteh Publisher in 1344 [1965]), Baha’ism is defined as a “manufactured religion” created solely for the purpose of “waywardness and division among the citizens of the nation”.

Similarly, the author suggests that the Babi and Baha’i leaders at the beginning were “deep devotees of the glorious Russian government”, afterwards benefited from the “support of the Ottoman government”, and eventually “begin espionage for the British government”.

Fereydun Adamiyat, the renowned historian of the Constitutional Revolt, in his book, Amir-Kabir va Iran [Amir-Kabir and Iran], regards Baha’ism as a creation of British espionage and claims that Arthur Conolly, a British intelligence officer, has spoken in his travelogue about his connection with Mulla Husayn Bushruiyh, the first believer in the Bab.

From Adamiyat’s perspective, without support from foreign nations such a religion could not have endured and would have soon disappeared.  Of course, at a later time, he recognized that the attribution to Arthur Conolly was incorrect, and removed it from subsequent printings of his book.

In his book Baha’igari, the author, Ahmad Kasravi, the well-regarded historian of the Constitutional period, accuses foreign governments such as the British of providing support to Baha’i leaders.  He writes, “After the British conquered Palestine, ‘Abdu’l-Baha, the son and successor of Baha’u’llah, asked for the title of ‘Sir’ from that government. When it was bestowed, the day that the Order of Knighthood arrived, there was a large festival in Akka, and music was played.”

Kasravi’s allusion is to the later years of Abdu’l-Baha in Palestine.  In the years that coincided with World War I, British power enveloped Palestine during the war in Haifa and subsequent to it.  For this reason, they guaranteed the safety of Abdu’l-Baha and his Baha’i followers. Afterwards, as a reward for Abdu’l-Baha’s humanitarian activities during the war years, the British government granted him the title of “Sir”.

There is no historical evidence that Abdu’l-Baha himself ever wanted the title “Sir”.

Violation of the Rights of Citizenship in the First Constitution of Iran

One of the goals of the Constitutionalists was to make all the “servants of Iran” equal before the law, regardless of race or religion.  Later this was achieved as Article 8 of the Constitution, which was ratified in 1906.

Despite this, the group of Constitutionalists who were in favor of aligning the Constitution with Islamic law were eventually able to deprive non-Muslim Iranians, including Jews, Christians, Babis and Baha’is, of equal rights with other citizens.  They also succeeded in ensuring that the same document deprived these minorities of representation in national parliament or from being given ministerial status.

Conspiracy Theory and the New Movement

The appearance of a new movement, an independent religion or a political power is constantly exposed to fresh threats.  For this reason, accusing new movements of being against the masses, anti-religion or against the government is not unprecedented, and occurs in every instance.

The history of religion is filled with clashes between established and central religions and those on the periphery:  This is the case with religions before Islam in Iran, as well as with Judaism, Christianity and Islam.  Each one in their own time had to face such slander and vilification.

Even Shi’ism, which today in Iran is considered the  official and legal state religion, at the beginning of its formation was accused of being created by Jews for the destruction of Islam (Sunni religion).  Many among the followers of Sunni Islam consider a certain ‘Abdu’llah ibn Saba (who was a Jew and a resident of Kufih) as the one who formed the Shi’ite sect – a charge that Shi’ites reject.

Conspiracy theory is the easiest way to construe the emergence of any new entity.  However, from a historical point of view, it is not an effective way to confront and defend against such emerging faiths.  Many movements that internally have had the ability to sustain themselves have managed to continue their development despite such accusations or appeals to conspiracies.

On the other hand, we must differentiate between two theories:  (1) a theory that fundamentally considers the Baha’i Faith to be a creation and effort of foreigners and does not recognize in it any internal drivers that stem from cultural, historical and Islamic-Shi’ite roots; (2) a theory that sees the Baha’i Faith as a movement based on an apt relationship between a cultural, religious and political axis of Iranian society which has gained the support of foreign nations.

Historical research and analysis does not support the first theory, but the same studies indicate that Baha’i leaders enjoyed the support of foreign nations.  Nevertheless, it should be noted that the support of foreign nations for marginal religions and sects is not limited to the contemporary era.  For instance, from a historical perspective, very few researchers doubt that the Mogul attack on the Islamic realm, which resulted in the fall of Baghdad and lessening of the central power of the Muslim Caliphs benefited smaller sects, such as the Shi’ite sect.  Likewise, the collaboration and alliance of Shi’ite leaders and high-ranking clerics, such as Khawjeh Nasir’d-Din Tusi, with Mogul principals is beyond historical dispute.

Baha’is and the Silence of Intellectuals

Faced with persistent and focused attack on Baha’is, either before the 1979 revolution or afterwards, Baha’is have been deprived of the means to defend themselves.

This one-sided propaganda supported by the government, which has been accompanied by many episodes of intense persecution and attempts at genocide, has not only impacted the view of common people, but has also had a lasting influence on non-religious intellectuals.

Only recently a number of Iranian intellectuals in a letter have expressed their shame for their long and inexcusable silence over the violation of the human rights of the Baha’i citizens.  However, few among the signatories of this document live in Iran, and most well-known contemporary intellectuals are not signatories to this document.

[This article was posted on February 18, 2009, at http://www.bbc.co.uk/persian/iran/2009/02/090223_ag_iranian_bahaeis_foreign_gov.shtml. Translation by Iran Press Watch.]

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21 Responses

  1. Adib

    April 1, 2009 3:06 am

    Great article, it deeply examines the nature of all sorts of conspiracy theories and provides historically accurate answers to repeated nonsense over the years.

    I’d like to note one thing:

    >Of course, at a later time, [Fereydoon Adamiyyat] recognized that the attribution to Arthur Conolly was incorrect, and removed it from subsequent printings of his book.

    Mujtaba Minuvi actually pointed this out to Adamiyyat, and the latter later admitted that this was a fabrication on his part.

    Reply
  2. Ali

    April 1, 2009 6:28 pm

    There is no better proof than Khalaji that all mullahs attending Qom seminary schools are spies of England and America. Mr Qurbonali Dorri Najafabadi, as a citizen of Iran, I hereby request that you close these seminary schools in Qom that ate breeding grounds of British spies. As evidenced by Khalaji, graduates of these spy schools in Qom are in spies for foreign powers and not only that they run the Kayhan newspaper as well as serve as imam jomeh at Friday prayers.

    Mr. Qurbonali, I hope you bring your classmates to trial as evidenced by these most recent revelations by none other than Khalaji. Nothing short of these would satisfy the peoples of Iran. We can not have our Supreme Leader be surrounded and served by British employed spy graduates of Qom seminary schools. These seminary schools are nothing but a front by the British to train spies as evidenced by Khalji’s work for British.

    Mr Qurbonali, you must lock up all your classmates and graduates of these seminary schools I’m Evin.

    Reply
  3. Ali

    April 1, 2009 6:49 pm

    Mr. Ahmadinejad, how could you allow these seminary spy schools in Qom whose graduates work under cover for Kayhan as well as mosques to advance British policies in Iran and then they go to work for BBC against the interests of Iran to operate so freely in Iran? Shouldn’t you be doing something about these spy schools in Qom whose graduates are all serving the foreign powers under the cover of cloth and turban?

    Mr. Ahmadinejad how could the Islamic Republic be secure when the graduates of these seminary spy schools run Iran’s establishment and advise the Supreme Leader? Would not their actions and smoke screens and advise be against the welfare of the needy people of Iran? I hope you put an end to these British spy schools in Qom and end their stangle hold on the appearance of Imam Zaman.

    Reply
  4. Nasser

    April 1, 2009 11:54 pm

    And Mr. Qurban Ali Dorri-Najafabadi and “Seminaries” in Qum say that Baha’is are spies of England. Go figure that! Even God must be laughing at them!

    Reply
  5. Mohammad

    April 2, 2009 6:41 am

    AGHAYE ALI
    I HAVE HEARD MANY BELIEFS ABOUT THE INTERFERENCE OF FOREIGN POWERS IN IRAN. BUT NOTHING EQUALS TO WHAT YOU ARE SUGGESTING IN ITS LACK OF LOGIC. WHERE IS THIS REASONING COMING FROM? CERTAINLY NOT FROM YOUR RATIONAL MIND. HOW ON EARTH CAN THE SEMINARIES IN QUM BE TRAINING SPIES FOR ENGLAND? DOES YOUR LOGICAL MIND REALLY BELIEVE IN THIS, OR ARE YOU SAYING IT ONLY BECAUSE YOU ARE ANGRY AT MR. KHALAJI’S ARTICLE? HOW CAN BRITISH SPIES FROM SUCH SEMINARIES SURVIVE THE SUVEILLANCE OF THE ISLAMIC GOVERNMENT? WHAT YOU ARE SAYING IS A TOTAL INSULT TO A RELIGOUS ESTABLISHMENT THAT HAS TRAINED SOME OF THE GREATEST LEADERS OF THE IRANIAN REVOLUTION. WHY IS IT THAT WE IRANIANS, WHEN WE DON’T LIKE WHAT WE READ OR HEAR, LOSE OUR LOGIC AND RATIONALITY AND ALLOW OUR IMAGINATION TO GO INTO MOST ABSURD TERRITORIES SUCH AS WHAT YOU ARE SAYING. I HOPE YOU CAN START TALKING ABOUT YOUR ANGER AT THE ARTICLE LIKE A NORMAL PERSON WOULD DO, INSTEAD OF BECOMING DELUSIONAL AND MAKING SUCH A BIZZARE STATEMENT.

    Reply
  6. Mark Obenauer

    April 2, 2009 11:15 am

    I think it might be sarcasm and not seriousness that Mr. Ali is expressing? Bizarre are conspiracy theories, would you not agree, Mr. Mohammad? And you reacted the way that persecuted people react to conspiracy theories. If it weren’t so serious, it would all be laughable, would you not agree?

    Reply
  7. Roya

    April 2, 2009 5:05 pm

    No wonder Khamanei, Rafsanjani, Ahmadinejad and mullahs want to destroy Israel. They don’t want any record of the fact that Israel created Shiiah to be found. In effect the created wants to destroy its creator. Now that is a site worth seeing. Ezekiel 38:1 even has a name for it called Hamongog. You know Gog(Ayatollah) and Magog(mullah) sworning toward Israel…

    Reply
  8. Mohammad

    April 2, 2009 5:11 pm

    Ms. Roya,
    You are not making any sense. How can a nation that was created less than hundred years ago, have created the Shiiah movement which has over seven hundred years history.

    Reply
  9. Mark Obenauer

    April 2, 2009 7:37 pm

    Sorry, but it might be dangerous territory going into territory that is not in the Writings. As a Baha’i’ I believe that the Imams were highly influential and holy people and I have found myself defending the family of Ali at times with Sunni Moslems. I hope that the matters above are sarcasm and not seriousness. Forgive me, but what references of the Writings do I refer to find out about the eschatological meanings of Gog and Magog? I profess ignorance. I don’t know about conspiracy theories except they place everyone in harms way no matter what religion they are directed towards. I think Mr. Mohammad would agree with me about this truth.

    As far as the founding of Ithna’ Ashariyyah denomination, it has it’s origin with the dawn of Islam which is more than seven hundred years ago and more like the present year of the Islamic calendar. And Islam was birthed in a world very influenced by Judaism and Christianity, and the three religions trace their origin to the Prophet Abraham. The three Western monothiestic traditions are termed Judeo-Christian-Islamic because of this common origin.

    So I agree with Roya that destroying Israel and slaughtering Jewish people would be attacking a section of the tree that constitute the children of Abraham, sort of like the child harming a parent, and Islam would be the less for this action. I don’t believe that the Prophet Muhammad would condone this activity.

    Reply
  10. Richard

    April 2, 2009 8:35 pm

    Dear Ali, I wanted to take this opportunity to say that I too enjoy reading your comments. You seem to know more about the interworkings of Iran than does Kayhan.

    Reply
  11. Mohammad

    April 3, 2009 5:42 am

    HELLO, WISE READERS
    THIS QUESTION IS BEGINNING TO REALLY OCCUPY MY MIND: IS THE “CONSPIRATORIAL” THINKING UNIQUE TO THE IRANIANS OR DOES THIS EXIST IN OTHER GROUPS. AND IS THERE A REMEDY, A CURE FOR THIS AVERSIVE CONDITION?

    Reply
  12. Mark Obenauer

    April 3, 2009 10:10 am

    I hope you accept the holocaust really happened, Mohammad. This occurred as a result of conspiracy theories. When I was a child and was punished by my parents, I would always use the excuse that everyone does it. I did this all in the theory that my punishment would be mitigated. Just because everybody does something doesn’t make an action correct. Just because conspiracy theories are rampart everywhere in this world doesn’t excuse them or the hurt and damage they cause to ethnic groups and minorities.

    And please show a little more compassion. In the past, I have listened to angry sarcastic outbursts of people, and responded angrily to their sarcasm. Have you ever heard of post traumatic stress disorder? We have whole generations of people who have experienced post traumatic stress because of mental and actual abuse they have suffered at the hands of movements who have marginalized and persecuted them. I can’t even imagine their pain of people who suffer from PTSD. And these people can be the most stoic and proud individuals who don’t even realize how much they have been scarred. And all I can do is listen to them and love them and maybe even laugh with them at this crazy world.

    You want sober rationality. Rationality is important, but so is humanity.

    The West has a history of thinkers and fictional characters who made oppressive life more bearable. Have you ever read Don Quixote? Or have you every listened to comics such as Paula Poundstone, or Rodney Dangerfield? People need humor to face starkly sober and rational realities. This humor can come off as irrational by people who don’t or can’t understand this humor, but I get it.

    Mohammad, you upper-cased a message to a person who offended you. I submit to you that this was also an gut reaction. You didn’t need to accent your message to show your disagreement with Mr. Ali. Sunnis do have conspiracies in there polemics against Twelver Shiites. I read Mr. Ali’s message again. Perhaps he and Roya are asking the very question that you we asking in the last message? And your reaction to the conspiracy theories against what I assume is your religious affiliation was very evident. You felt angry at these terrible lies and made up conspiracies that disparage all that you hold dear. You experienced just a taste of what persecuted minorities are feeling each and every day. It doesn’t feel very good, does it?

    Reply
  13. sb

    April 3, 2009 6:35 pm

    Mohammed-Jan,

    Conspiracy theories are a feature of all societies, but it appears that the Persians are masters of creating conspiracy theories, of purveying them and listening to their poison.

    Is the root cause of this because Iranians have not had enough experience with constitutional government or rule of (just) law? Is it the unfortunate result of having been governed too long by mullahs? It be this tendency (demonstrable in people from all nations) that caused Baha’u’llah write religious law to forbidding gossip, slander and backbiting.

    In the Most Holy Book, the Kitab-i-Aqdas, which is the Book of Laws for Baha’is, Baha’u’llah forbids murder, adultery and backbiting in the same sentence because each activity causes death . . . either of the body or the soul.

    Reply
  14. Mohammad

    April 4, 2009 4:54 am

    DEAR SB JAAN,
    MY HATS OFF TO THE BAHA’I RELIGION PROPHET WHO PUTS GOSSIP AND BACKBITING AT THE SAME LEVEL AS MURDER. YOUR EXPLANATIONS MADE A LOT OF SENSE AND HELPFUL ABOUT WHY IRANIANS HAVE A CONSPIRATORIAL MINDSET..

    DEAR MR. MARK,
    THERE IS NOTHING WRONG ABOUT FEELING ANGRY. HOW YOU PROCESS ANGER IS VERY IMPORTANT, AND YOU CAN BE WISE AND CIVILIZED ABOUT ANGER, UNLIKE THOSE WHO GO INTO DELUSIONS WHEN THEY BECOME ANGRY. (LIKE MR. ALI AND OTHER CONSPIRATORIALLY- ORIENTED PERSONS). YOUR ASSUMPTION AB/ MY USING UPPER CASE LETTERS IS ONLY YOUR ASSUMPTION AND HAS NOTHING TO DO WITH WHY I DO THAT. I DO IT B/C MY EYES ARE WEAK AND I CAN READ BETTER. AND MAKING ASSUMPTIONS ABOUT MY RELIGOUS AFFILIATION? YOU ARE MAKING TOO MANY ASSUMPTIONS. ARE YOU BEING RATIONAL?!

    Reply
  15. Mark Obenauer

    April 4, 2009 9:53 pm

    Then Mr. Muhammad, we will agree to disagree. Some of us will have “road to Damascus ” experiences, some will not have any sort of revelation in this earthly plane. I believe in an afterlife, and I believe the truth will become known at that time and a judgment will take place. And I believe that there will be gnashing of teeth for some people and that will be the personal hell for some. In the end, God knows all. It is undeniable I do have my opinion about you, but this is my problem. I wish I had no opinion about you, but then I would be a saint. Khoda hafez!

    Reply
  16. Mohammad

    April 5, 2009 4:01 am

    MR. MARK,
    I THOUGHT THAT THE BAHA’IS DO NOT BELIEVE IN HEAVEN AND HELL. I KNOW THEY BELIEVE IN THE AFTERLIFE BUT NOT THE WAY THAT OLD RELIGIONS PRESENT IT–AS IN HEAVEN OR HELL. I LIKE THE WAY YOUR PROPHET HAS TALKED ABOUT THE AFTERLIFE–VERY SPIRITUAL, BUT IT SEEMS THAT YOUR IDEAS BELONG TO THE OLD SCHOOL THAT THINKS THE SINNER CAN BURN IN HELL.

    SINCERELY, M.

    Reply
  17. Mark Obenauer

    April 5, 2009 7:14 am

    Dear Mr. Mohammad;

    Thank you for your criticism. I am a student of my religion and by no means an expert. You did point out inconsistencies between the Baha’i’ Faith and my own personal beliefs and hopes and irrationalities (as you would term them). These are opinions that are based on previous cultural baggage. It isn’t in the Baha’i’ Writings, but Mark the person hopes for some justice for unrepentant perpetrators of injustice. And this hope is not rational because God is the ultimate arbiter of justice. I should be praying for people whom I perceive as unjust, not wishing for their destruction like Jezebel the harlot, or for some suffering in the afterlife. This is not for me to judge and it is a waste of time for me to ponder questions I cannot fathom. I don’t know who you are, but I hope your reasons for visiting this website are honorable. If your intent is honorable then I am certain you will meet your just reward, and I mean this in a positive sense. I wish you no ill will. God bless you!

    Reply
  18. Mark Obenauer

    April 5, 2009 7:34 am

    Strange things happen in this world. We may meet sometime in this lifetime, and if you ever chance to meet me don’t hesitate to introduce yourself. You sound like an interesting person, and who knows, we may be friends.

    Reply

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