Source: www.iranhumanrights.org
Five months before his second term re-election bid, President Hassan Rouhani signed his government’s “Charter on Citizens’ Rights” on December 19, 2016. The announcement was touted as the fulfillment of a campaign pledge, but the document, which promises the “observance and advancement” of the rights afforded to Iranian citizens by the Constitution, is not legally binding and no steps have been taken to enforce it.
When the charter was first drafted three years ago on November 26, 2013, individuals and experts were asked to contribute their ideas and criticisms, but a fundamental problem remains unresolved: the lack of a path to enforcement.
A few months after the draft was published, on February 24, 2014, Elham Aminzadeh, one of the president’s senior legal advisers, said that the final document’s two most important aspects had to be “broadness and enforceability.” But on the day it was officially launched, she conceded that it was not yet enforceable and said “the Executive aspect of the charter would be added in the future.”
With or without the charter, Iranian law explicitly prohibits human rights abuses while protecting constitutional rights. However, the Islamic Republic’s refusal to uphold those rights against violations by the security establishment and the Judiciary enables ongoing abuses documented by the International Campaign for Human Rights in Iran.
Previous Attempts
One of most important provisions of the charter is the president’s appointment of a “Special Assistant for supervising, coordinating and pursuing the appropriate implementation of the government’s obligations under this Charter.” However, such initiatives have proven unsuccessful in the past.
During his first year in office, reformist President Mohammad Khatami (1997-2005) formed the Committee to Oversee the Implementation of the Constitution. The committee, the members of which were appointed for an eight-year term, proved ineffective in protecting citizens’ rights and was disbanded in February 2006 by conservative President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad (2005-2013).
On April 8, 2004, then Judiciary Chief Ayatollah Mahmoud Hashemi Shahroudi issued a 14-point “Charter on Citizens’ Rights” of his own, which later became the basis of the Law to Respect Legitimate Freedoms and Citizens’ Rights, but even the more conservatively drafted document, which was ratified by Parliament on May 5, 2004, failed to protect citizens’ rights.
Empty Words
After the charter’s signing ceremony, a text message from President Rouhani was sent to millions of mobile phones in Iran. “Let’s get more familiar with our rights and powerfully protect them,” he declared.
The document of 120 articles includes many appealing headings—such as the “Right to Freedom and Personal Security,” “Right to Self-Determination,” “Right to Freedom of Thought and Expression,” “Right of Access to Cyberspace,” and “Right to a Fair Trial”— but violations of these rights against dissidents occur regularly in Iran and a non-legally binding charter won’t prevent them.
According to Article 13: “Every citizen has the right to enjoy security of their person, property, dignity, employment, legal and judicial process, social security and the like. No authority shall, in the name of security, violate or threaten legitimate rights and freedoms of citizens and their human dignity and integrity. Illegal actions in the name of public security, especially the violation of people’s privacy, are prohibited.”
However, on December 12 police arrested 54 boys and girls at a birthday party in the southern city of Abadan for simply partaking in a mixed-gender party. Two days later, on December 14, the Tehran prosecutor announced the arrest of 120 people at a coffee shop for alleged “immoral” activities.
Article 33 of the charter asserts, “Citizens have the right to freely and without discrimination enjoy access to and communicate and obtain information and knowledge from cyberspace. This right encompasses respect for cultural diversity, languages, traditions and religious beliefs and the observance of ethical principles in cyberspace. Imposition of any type of restriction (such as filtering, interference, speed reduction and network interruption) without explicit legal authority is prohibited.”
However, hardliners in the Iranian government view the internet as a threat to the sanctity of the Islamic Republic and state agencies continue to heavily restrict Iranians’ access to the Internet, monitor users’ online accounts, and prosecute individuals for their peaceful online activities.
The situation is equally grim in the realm of education. Article 106 states that “Professors, seminary students and university students shall be free in expressing their opinions and they shall not be persecuted or interrogated or deprived of teaching or studying, merely for having or expressing an opinion in academic arenas,” but followers of the Baha’i faith are regularly banned from attending university on the basis of their religious beliefs. For the past three decades, many students have also been expelled and imprisoned for engaging in peaceful student activism on campus.
The charter also purports to recognize the rights of citizens “facing political or press-related charges” to a trial “in open court and in the presence of a jury,” yet individuals including prominent human rights defender Narges Mohammadi are regularly prosecuted behind closed doors without full access to legal council in Iran’s Revolutionary Court system.
At the very least, the charter could be used to condemn the Islamic Republic’s abuses of human rights, but since coming to power in June 2013, the Rouhani government has avoided defending the rights of citizens from persecution by the Intelligence Ministry, Revolutionary Guards, and the Judiciary.
Campaign Pledge
“If the people hand me the responsibility of the Executive Branch, I will codify a charter on citizens’ rights,” pledged Rouhani after announcing his presidential run at a rally in Tehran on April 22, 2013. Subsequently he also promised to free political prisoners and eliminate ethnic and religious discrimination.
“No one can be punished without a trial,” he said on May 18, 2013, less than a month before the election. “This has been explicitly mentioned in the Constitution and the president has a duty to carry out the Constitution. Other actions need to be taken through legislation, while the Judiciary has certain powers as well. If I’m president, I will seek to resolve these cases by negotiating and building consensus because I believe the president should have the ability to bring all branches together.”
Although Rouhani has failed to fulfill all of his campaign promises pertaining to citizens’ rights, less than 6 months before he runs for re-election he has taken full credit for creating the charter and has pledged to do more in the months he has left in his term.
“One of my promises to the people of Iran was to write a charter on citizens’ rights,” he said at the signing ceremony on December 19. “I made other promises, too, such as (upholding) the rights of youths, the rights of women, the rights of religious and ethnic groups and so forth, which I will stand by until the last day of my administration.”
In the charter’s preamble, Rouhani spoke about the rights afforded to Iranian citizens in theConstitution: “The President, who has sworn to God on the Holy Quran before the Iranian nation to support righteousness and justice, and to protect freedom, human dignity and rights of the people as enshrined in the Constitution, declares this Charter on Citizens’ Rights as the Government’s plan and policy for observance and advancement of fundamental rights of the Iranian nation.”
He added that realizing the charter’s objectives “will require cooperation of other government branches and entities and participation of the people, organizations, trade unions, non-governmental organizations and the private sector.”
However, hardliners in the government have successfully opposed all of Rouhani’s promises regarding human rights and personal freedoms by continuing to persecute activists, political dissidents and minorities under his watch. Before Rouhani can take any credit for improvements in this realm, he must implement a way to counter his adversaries—including the powerful Revolutionary Guards, Intelligence Ministry, and the Judiciary—on this front above and beyond publishing a non-legally binding document.
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